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  • Context manager in Python

    # File management using context manager
    class FileManager():
        def __init__(self, filename, mode):
            self.filename = filename
            self.mode = mode
            self.file = None
      
        # The __enter__ method opens the file and returns a file object
        def __enter__(self):
            print('Open file: {}'.format(self.filename))
            self.file = open(self.filename, self.mode)
            return self.file
    
        # The __exit__ method takes care of closing the file on exiting the with block 
        def __exit__(self, etype, value, traceback):
            print('Close file: {}'.format(self.filename))
            self.file.close()
    
    # A FileManager object is created with test.txt as the filename and "write" mode
    # when __init__ method is executed
    with FileManager('test.txt', 'w') as f:
        f.write('First line\n')
        f.write('Second line\n')
    
    # The file is already closed thanks to the automatic call to the __exit__ method
    print('File closed: {}\n'.format(f.closed))
    
    with FileManager('test.txt', 'r') as f:
        for line in f:
            print(line.rstrip())
    
    # Output
    #Open file: test.txt
    #Close file: test.txt
    #File closed: True
    #
    #Open file: test.txt
    #First line
    #Second line
    #Close file: test.txt

    When creating context managers using classes, be sure to ensure that the class includes methods: __enter__() and __exit__(). The __enter__() method provides a resource to be managed, and __exit__() performs cleanup operations without returning any value. To understand the basic structure of building context managers using classes, let's look at a simple FileManager class for managing files.